Thesis Science

Paolo Dusi

Exhibition Space: Thackray Musuem

I needed somewhere to take photos of exhibition space since I was really struggling to visualise the space I would need for an exhibition as well as what sort of scale would be needed for the presentation of information needed for the brief. The nearest and easiest to get to concerning my budget and timescale was the Thackray museum which my girlfriend suggested would be a good starting point as well as maybe offering the infamous white space I would need for mocking up said work in the right context/place. 

Open publication - Free publishing - More museum

Exhibition Space Research

Giovanni Pregnolato - An example of how I want the vector art for each hero to look like, its hard to find some contemporary examples of design/illustration for science, especially for such a niche as specific scientists such as the ones I am looking at. This designer has gracefully visualised the context of this projects outcome. 

Zavisa Dogic - This demonstrates the sort of space that would be perfect for my brief. Not wanting to overcrowd information and condensing the main subject's area of science into one easy to follow piece. Simple vectors, sans serif type and the effective use of colour that is vivid, but not overglaringly so as the printed result should look about the same.

104 Weapons

Its taken me the better part of the day, but its done. 104 weapons to be illustrated and then evaluated to see which ones to use in the manual. Just the effects of each weapon to consider now.

Open publication - Free publishing - More not my work

Nikola Tesla

Mini Bio

• Tesla was born on July 10, 1856 in Smiljan, Lika, which was then part of  the Austo-Hungarian Empire, region of Croatia. His father, Milutin Tesla was a Serbian Orthodox Priest and his mother Djuka Mandic was an inventor in her own right of household appliances. 

• studied at the Realschule, Karlstadt in 1873, the Polytechnic Institute in Graz, Austria and the University of Prague. At first, he intended to specialize in physics and mathematics, but soon he became fascinated with electricity.

• He began his career as an electrical engineer with a telephone company in Budapest in 1881. It was there, as Tesla was walking with a friend through the city park that the elusive solution to the rotating magnetic field flashed through his mind. With a stick, he drew a diagram in the sand explaining to his friend the principle of the induction motor.

• While in Strassbourg in 1883, he privately built a prototype of the induction motor and ran it successfully. Unable to interest anyone in Europe in promoting this radical device, Tesla accepted an offer to work for Thomas Edison in New York. His childhood dream was to come to America to harness the power of Niagara Falls.

• Young Nikola Tesla came to the United States in 1884 with an introduction letter from Charles Batchelor to Thomas Edison: “I know two great men,” wrote Batchelor, “one is you and the other is this young man.” Tesla spent the next 59 years of his productive life living in New York. 

• Tesla lectured to the scientific community on his inventions in New York, Philadelphia and St. Louis and before scientific organizations in both England and France in 1892. Tesla’s lectures and writings of the 1890s aroused wide admiration among contemporaries popularized his inventions and inspired untold numbers of younger men to enter the new field of radio and electrical science.

Main Achievements

• Nikola Tesla developed polyphase alternating current system of generators, motors and transformers and held 40 basic U.S. patents on the system, which George Westinghouse bought, determined to supply America with the Tesla system. Edison did not want to lose his DC empire, and a bitter war ensued. This was the war of the currents between AC and DC. Tesla -Westinghouse ultimately emerged the victor because AC was a superior technology. It was a war won for the progress of both America and the world.

• Tesla introduced his motors and electrical systems in a classic paper, “A New System of Alternating Current Motors and Transformers” which he delivered before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1888. One of the most impressed was the industrialist and inventor George Westinghouse. One day he visited Tesla’s laboratory and was amazed at what he saw. Tesla had constructed a model polyphase system consisting of an alternating current dynamo, step-up and step-down transformers and A.C. motor at the other end. The perfect partnership between Tesla and Westinghouse for the nationwide use of electricity in America had begun.

• The Tesla coil, which he invented in 1891, is widely used today in radio and television sets and other electronic equipment.  That year also marked the date of Tesla's United States citizenship.  His alternating current induction motor is considered one of the ten greatest discoveries of all time.  Among his discoveries are the fluorescent light , laser beam, wireless communications, wireless transmission of electrical energy, remote control, robotics, Tesla’s turbines and vertical take off aircraft. Tesla is the father of the radio and the modern electrical transmissions systems. He registered over 700 patents worldwide. His vision included exploration of solar energy and the power of the sea. He foresaw interplanetary communications and satellites.

• In 1894, he was given honorary doctoral degrees by Columbia and Yale University and the Elliot Cresson  medal by the Franklin Institute.  In 1934, the city of Philadelphia awarded him the John Scott medal for his polyphase power system. He was an honorary member of the National Electric Light Association and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. On one occasion, he turned down an invitation from Kaiser Wilhelm II to come to Germany to demonstrate his experiments and to receive a high decoration.

Main Contributions to Field

• Tesla set about improving Edison’s line of dynamos while working in Edison’s lab in New Jersey.  It was here that his divergence of opinion with Edison over direct current versus alternating current began. This disagreement climaxed in the war of the currents as Edison fought a losing battle to protect his investment in direct current equipment and facilities.

• Tesla pointed out the inefficiency of Edison’s direct current electrical powerhouses  that have been build up and down the Atlantic seaboard. The secret, he felt, lay in the use of alternating current ,because to him all energies were cyclic. Why not build generators that would send  electrical energy along distribution lines  first one way, than another, in multiple waves using the polyphase principle?

• In February 1882, Tesla discovered the rotating magnetic field, a fundamental principle in physics and the basis of nearly all devices that use alternating current.  Tesla brilliantly adapted the principle of rotating magnetic field for the construction of alternating current induction motor and the polyphase system for the generation, transmission, distribution and use of electrical power.

• The Electrical Review in 1896 published X-rays of a man, made by Tesla, with X-ray tubes of his own design.  They appeared at the same time as when Roentgen announced his discovery of X-rays. Tesla never attempted to proclaim priority.  Roentgen congratulated Tesla on his sophisticated X-ray pictures, and  Tesla even wrote Roentgen's name on one of his films.  He experimented with shadowgraphs similar to those that later were to be used by Wilhelm Rontgen when he discovered X-rays in 1895.  Tesla's countless experiments included work on a carbon button lamp, on the power of electrical resonance, and on various types of lightning.  Tesla invented the special vacuum tube which emitted light to be used in photography.

•  In Colorado Springs, where he stayed from May 1899 until 1900, Tesla made what he regarded as his most important discovery-- terrestrial stationary waves.  By this discovery he proved that the Earth could be used as a conductor and would be as responsive as a tuning fork to electrical vibrations of a certain frequency.  He also lighted 200 lamps without wires from a distance of 25 miles( 40 kilometers) and created man-made lightning.  At one time he was certain he had received signals from another planet in his Colorado laboratory, a claim that was met with disbelief in some scientific journals.

Quotes


“Our senses enable us to perceive only a minute portion of the outside world.”


“The spread of civilization may be likened to a fire; First, a feeble spark, next a flickering flame, then a mighty blaze, ever increasing in speed and power.”


“The scientific man does not aim at an immediate result. He does not expect that his advanced ideas will be readily taken up. His work is like that of a planter -- for the future. His duty is to lay foundation of those who are to come and point the way.”





http://www.teslasociety.com/biography.htm

http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-quotes

http://www.hbci.com/~wenonah/new/tesla.htm

Niels Bohr

Mini Bio

• Was born in Copenhagen on October 7, 1885, as the son of Christian Bohr, Professor of Physiology at Copenhagen University, and his wife Ellen, née Adler. 
• His father was an eminent physiologist and was largely responsible for awakening his interest in physics while still at school, his mother came from a family distinguished in the field of education.

• After matriculation at the Gammelholm Grammar School in 1903, he entered Copenhagen University where he came under the guidance of Professor C. Christiansen, a profoundly original and highly endowed physicist, and took his Master's degree in Physics in 1909 and his Doctor's degree in 1911.

• While still a student, the announcement by the Academy of Sciences in Copenhagen of a prize to be awarded for the solution of a certain scientific problem, caused him to take up an experimental and theoretical investigation of the surface tension by means of oscillating fluid jets.

• During the Nazi occupation of Denmark in World War II, Bohr escaped to Sweden and spent the last two years of the war in England and America, where he became associated with the Atomic Energy Project. In his later years, he devoted his work to the peaceful application of atomic physics and to political problems arising from the development of atomic weapons. In particular, he advocated a development towards full openness between nations. His views are especially set forth in his Open Letter to the United Nations, June 9, 1950.

• Professor Bohr was married, in 1912, to Margrethe Nørlund, who was for him an ideal companion. They had six sons, of whom they lost two; the other four have made distinguished careers in various professions - Hans Henrik (M.D.), Erik (chemical engineer), Aage (Ph.D., theoretical physicist, following his father as Director of the Institute for Theoretical Physics), Ernest (lawyer).
  
  Niels Bohr died in Copenhagen on November 18, 1962.
  
  

Main Achievements 

• In the spring of 1912 he was at work inProfessor Rutherford's laboratory in Manchester, where just in those years such an intensive scientific life and activity prevailed as a consequence of that investigator's fundamental inquiries into the radioactive phenomena. Having there carried out a theoretical piece of work on the absorption of alpha rays which was published in the Philosophical Magazine, 1913, he passed on to a study of the structure of atoms on the basis of Rutherford's discovery of the atomic nucleus. By introducing conceptions borrowed from the Quantum Theory as established by Planck, which had gradually come to occupy a prominent position in the science of theoretical physics, he succeeded in working out and presenting a picture of atomic structure that, with later improvements (mainly as a result of Heisenberg's ideas in 1925), still fitly serves as an elucidation of the physical and chemical properties of the elements.

• Niels Bohr was President of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences, of the Danish Cancer Committee, and Chairman of the Danish Atomic Energy Commission. He was a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (London), the Royal Institution, and Academies in Amsterdam, Berlin, Bologna, Boston, Göttingen, Helsingfors, Budapest, München, Oslo, Paris, Rome, Stockholm, Uppsala, Vienna, Washington, Harlem, Moscow, Trondhjem, Halle, Dublin, Liege, and Cracow. He was Doctor, honoris causa, of the following universities, colleges, and institutes: (1923-1939) - Cambridge, Liverpool, Manchester, Oxford, Copenhagen, Edinburgh, Kiel, Providence, California, Oslo, Birmingham, London; (1945-1962) - Sorbonne (Paris), Princeton, Mc. Gill (Montreal), Glasgow, Aberdeen, Athens, Lund, New York, Basel, Aarhus, Macalester (St. Paul), Minnesota, Roosevelt (Chicago, Ill.), Zagreb, Technion (Haifa), Bombay, Calcutta, Warsaw, Brussels, Harvard, Cambridge (Mass.), and Rockefeller (New York).

Main Contributions to Field

• This work, which he carried out in his father's laboratory and for which he received the prize offered (a gold medal), was published in the Transactions of the Royal Society, 1908.*

• Bohr's subsequent studies, however, became more and more theoretical in character, his doctor's disputation being a purely theoretical piece of work on the explanation of the properties of the metals with the aid of the electron theory, which remains to this day a classic on the subject. It was in this work that Bohr was first confronted with the implications of Planck's quantum theory of radiation.

• liquid droplet theory permitted the understanding of the mechanism of nuclear fission, when the splitting of uranium was discovered by Hahn and Strassmann, in 1939, and formed the basis of important theoretical studies in this field (among others, by Frisch and Meitner).

• Bohr also contributed to the clarification of the problems encountered in quantum physics, in particular by developing the concept of complementarity. Hereby he could show how deeply the changes in the field of physics have affected fundamental features of our scientific outlook and how the consequences of this change of attitude reach far beyond the scope of atomic physics and touch upon all domains of human knowledge. These views are discussed in a number of essays, written during the years 1933-1962. They are available in English, collected in two volumes with the title Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge and Essays 1958-1962 on Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge, edited by John Wiley and Sons, New York and London, in 1958 and 1963, respectively.

Quotes


Every great and deep difficulty bears in itself its own solution. It forces us to change our thinking in order to find it. 


Everything we call real is made of things that cannot be regarded as real.


The opposite of a fact is falsehood, but the opposite of one profound truth may very well be another profound truth.


Technology has advanced more in the last thirty years than in the previous two thousand. The exponential increase in advancement will only continue. Anthropological Commentary The opposite of a trivial truth is false; the opposite of a great truth is also true.






http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-bio.html


http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95oct/nbohr.html


http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/n/niels_bohr.html

Oswald T Avery

Mini Bio

• Oswald Theodore Avery was born on 21 October 1877 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the second of three sons of Elizabeth Crowdy and Joseph Francis Avery.

• After attending the New York Male Grammar School, Avery went to the Colgate Academy and then Colgate University, where he excelled in literature, public speaking, and debate.

• Avery received a BA in the humanities in 1900 and despite what was to be a career in the church, after he graduated the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York 1904, he pursued a career in medicine.

• Desiring greater intellectual stimulation and frustrated by his inability to help some of his patients, Avery moved in 1907 to laboratory work at the Hoagland Laboratory in Brooklyn, the first privately endowed bacteriological research institute in the country. Since the laboratory was also associated with a Long Island hospital, Avery's duties included teaching courses for student nurses.

• The Hoagland Laboratory's director, Benjamin White, instructed Avery in laboratory techniques and biochemistry. Avery initially worked on the bacteriology of yogurt, but soon developed an interest in tuberculosis after White suffered a severe case of the infectious pulmonary disease. It was during this time that Avery established what his biographer René J. Dubos called the pattern of his career, the "systematic effort to understand the biological activities of pathogenic bacteria through a knowledge of their chemical composition."

• In the early 1930s, Avery underwent treatment for Graves' disease. He took a brief leave from the Hospital in 1934 following a thyroidectomy, but did not fully recover for several years. In 1943, at the mandatory retirement age of 65, Avery became a member emeritus at the Rockefeller Institute; however he continued his research there until 1948. He then moved to Nashville to be closer to the family of his brother, Roy, a bacteriologist at the Vanderbilt School of Medicine. Avery rented a home down the street from Roy, and quickly became a fixture in the neighborhood. Avery's cousin, Minnie Wandell, who was very close with him, acted as his housekeeper. While vacationing on Deer Isle late in the summer of 1954, Avery experienced terrific pain in his abdomen, and subsequent surgery revealed extensive cancer of the liver. He died in Nashville on 20 February 1955 at the age of 77.

Main Achievements 

• In the early 1940s Avery and McCarty, a colleague at the Hospital, concentrated on the phenomenon of pneumococcal transformation, in which "R-form" (non-virulent) pneumococcus bacteria changed into the virulent "S-form" after killed S-form bacteria were added to the culture. The changed bacteria were identical in virulence and type to the killed bacteria, and the changes were permanent and inheritable. Utilizing refined versions of MacLeod's preparation techniques, Avery and McCarty soon isolated active "transforming substance" from samples of pneumococci, and found that the substance was deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. 

• In 1944, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty published their discovery in the Journal of Experimental Medicine. Their conclusions in this paper were cautious, and they presented several interpretations of their results. The phenomenon of transformation, they wrote, was "interpreted from a genetic point of view." Yet they also gave another interpretation, that there might be an "analogy between the activity of the transforming agent and that of a virus." They concluded that, "Assuming that the sodium desoxyribonucleate and the active principle are one and the same substance, then the transformation described represents a change that is chemically induced and specifically directed by a known chemical compound. If the results of the present study on the chemical nature of the transforming principle are confirmed, then nucleic acids must be regarded as possessing biological specificity." Although some of their peers initially questioned this conclusion, in 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase proved DNA was the hereditary material through their work with a bacterial virus (phage). In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick determined the double helix structure of DNA. Thus, Avery played an early and critical role in the molecular revolution in biology.

• Avery achieved many honors during his career. He served as president of the American Association of Immunologists, the American Association of Pathologists and Bacteriologists, and the Society of American Bacteriologists. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society of London. He received honorary degrees from McGill University, New York University, the University of Chicago, and Rutgers University, as well as awards from organizations such as the Royal Society of London, the American College of Physicians, the Association of American Physicians, and the New York Academy of Medicine. Avery received the Lasker Award in Basic Medical Research in 1947.

Main Contributions to Field

• Avery's work came to the attention of Rufus Cole, the director of the Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, through one of his papers on secondary infections in pulmonary tuberculosis. One of Cole's goals was to develop a therapeutic serum--like that which had been developed for diphtheria--for pneumonia, and to this end he asked Avery to join the Hospital's pneumonia research program.

• Avery moved to the Rockefeller Institute in 1913, where he focused most of his research for the next thirty-five years on a single species of pneumonia-creating bacteria, Diplococcus pneumoniae. There, he worked with scientists that were widely recognized as being among the elite in their fields, including Alphonse R. Dochez, René Dubos, Harriett Ephrussi-Taylor, Michael Heidelberger, Rebecca Craighill Lancefield, Maclyn McCarty, and Colin MacLeod. His research career culminated in 1944, when, with McCarty and MacLeod, Avery published his seminal paper proving that the "transforming principle," or hereditary material, was DNA and not protein as most scientists had assumed.

Quotes


Whenever you fall, Pick something up






http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/CC/p-nid/35


http://www.dnaftb.org/17/bio.html


http://library.thinkquest.org/24355/data/details/profiles/avery.html

Charles Darwin

Mini Bio

• Born in Shrewsbury, England, Feb. 12, 1809, Darwin was the fifth child of a wealthy and sophisticated English family. His paternal grandfather was the well-known 18th-century physician and savant Erasmus Darwin.

• After graduating from the elite school at Shrewsbury in 1825, young Darwin went to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine. In 1827 he dropped out of medical school and entered the University of Cambridge, in preparation for becoming a clergyman of the Church of England.

• he met two stellar figures: Adam Sedgwick, a geologist, and John Stevens Henslow (1795-1861), a naturalist. Henslow not only helped build Darwin's self-confidence but also taught his student to be a meticulous and painstaking observer of natural phenomena and collector of specimens.

• After graduating from Cambridge in 1831, the 22year-old Darwin was taken aboard the English survey ship HMS Beagle as an unpaid naturalist on a scientific expedition around the world.

• In his geological observations, Darwin was most impressed with the effect that natural forces had on shaping the earth's surface, his job aboard the Beagle allowed him to observe the various formations found on different continents and islands along the way, as well as a huge variety of fossils and living organisms. 

• The catastrophist viewpoint was the predominant viewpoint at the time which was relative to the popular biblical story of Noah and the Ark. The catastrophic viewpoint (but not the immutability of species) was challenged by the English geologist Sir Charles Lyell in his two-volume work Principles of Geology (1830-33). Lyell maintained that the earth's surface is undergoing constant change, the result of natural forces operating uniformly over long periods.

Main Achievements

• Theory of Natural Selection - After returning to England in 1836, Darwin began recording his ideas about changeability of species in his Notebooks on the Transmutation of Species. Darwin's explanation for how organisms evolved was brought into sharp focus after he read An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798), by the British economist Thomas Robert Malthus, who explained how human populations remain in balance. Malthus argued that any increase in the availability of food for basic human survival could not match the geometrical rate of population growth. The latter, therefore, had to be checked by natural limitations such as famine and disease, or by social actions such as war.

• Darwin's complete theory was published in 1859, in On the Origin of Species. Often referred to as the "book that shook the world," the Origin sold out on the first day of publication and subsequently went through six editions.

• Darwin spent the rest of his life expanding on different aspects of problems raised in On the Origin of Species. His later books includingThe Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication (1868), The Descent of Man (1871), and The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals (1872) were detailed expositions of topics that had been confined to small sections of the Origin. The importance of his work was well recognized by his contemporaries; Darwin was elected to the Royal Society (1839) and the French Academy of Sciences (1878). He was also honored by burial in Westminster Abbey after he died in Down, Kent, on April 19, 1882.

Main Contributions to Field

• Darwin found himself fitting many of his observations into Lyell's general uniformitarian view. However, he realized that some of his own observations of fossils and living plants and animals cast doubt on the Lyell-supported view that species were specially created. For example, certain fossils of supposedly extinct species closely resembled living species in the same geographical area. In the Galapagos Islands, off the coast of Ecuador, he also observed that each island supported its own form of tortoise, mockingbird, and finch; the various forms were closely related but differed in structure and eating habits from island to island. Both observations raised the question, for Darwin, of possible links between distinct but similar species.

• Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is essentially that, because of the food-supply problem described by Malthus, the young born to any species intensely compete for survival. Those young that survive to produce the next generation tend to embody favorable natural variations (however slight the advantage may be) the process of natural selection and these variations are passed on by heredity. Therefore, each generation will improve adaptively over the preceding generations, and this gradual and continuous process is the source of the evolution of species. Natural selection is only part of Darwin's vast conceptual scheme; he also introduced the concept that all related organisms are descended from common ancestors. Moreover, he provided additional support for the older concept that the earth itself is not static but evolving.

Quotes


An American monkey, after getting drunk on brandy, would never touch it again, and thus is much wiser than most men.


In the long history of humankind (and animal kind, too) those who learned to collaborate and improvise most effectively have prevailed. 


It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is the most adaptable to change. 


http://charles-darwin.classic-literature.co.uk/charles-darwin-biography.asp


http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/darwin_charles.shtml


http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/c/charles_darwin.html

Grace Hopper

Mini Bio

• Graduated from Vassar with a B.A. in mathematics in 1928

• She married a professor in 1930, Vincent Foster Hopper and soon began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931. By 1941 she had achieved the rank of associate professor and had won a faculty fellowship for study at New York University's Courant Institute for Mathematics.

• Hopper had come from a family with military traditions, she resigned her Vassar post to join the Navy WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service) in December 1943. 

• She was commissioned a lieutenant in July 1944 and reported to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project at Harvard University, where she was the third person to join the research team of professor (and Naval Reserve lieutenant) Howard H. Aiken. She recalled that he greeted her with the words, "Where the hell have you been?" and pointed to his electromechanical Mark I computing machine, saying "Here, compute the coefficients of the arc tangent series by next Thursday."

• Hopper soon learned how to program the machine and assembled a 500 page manual of operations for the Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator.* 

• At the end of WW2 in 1945, she was working on the MK II version of the machine. Even though her marriage was dissolved by this point and had no children, she kept her maiden name. Hopper was appointed to the Harvard faculty as a research fellow, and in 1949 she joined the newly formed Eckert-Mauchly Corporation.

• Hopper remained associated with Eckert-Mauchly and its successors (Remington-Rand, Sperry-Rand, and Univac) until her official "retirement" in 1971. Her work took her back and forth among institutions in the military, private industry, business, and academe. 

• In December 1983 she was promoted to commodore in a ceremony at the White House. When the post of commodore was merged with that of rear admiral, two years later, she became Admiral Hopper. 

• Throughout her life, it was her service to her country of which she was most proud. Appropriately, Admiral Hopper was buried with full Naval honors at Arlington National Cemetery on January 7, 1992.

Main Achievements

• Hopper soon learned how to program the machine and assembled a 500 page manual of operations for the Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator.* 

• UNIVAC 1 - First commercially available computer, in 1956, Westinghouse Electric Company installed a UNIVAC computer in its East Pittsburgh plant. The UNIVAC was used to calculate company payrolls, sales records, analysis of sales performance and other company business. The UNIVAC could perform 90,000 transactions per month.

• Her best-known contribution to computing was the invention of the compiler, the intermediate program that translates English language instructions into the language of the target computer. She did this, she said, because she was lazy and hoped that "the programmer may return to being a mathematician." 

• COBOL - A programming script still used by many places in the UK and worldwide today

Main Contributions to Field

• New discipline of computing and the sciences that depend upon it have led the way in making space for women's participation on an equal basis. 

• Programmed some of the first EVER computers that were available for commercial use.

• She was one of the first software engineers and, indeed, one of the most incisive strategic "futurists" in the world of computing.

• Her work embodied or foreshadowed enormous numbers of developments that are now the bones of digital computing: subroutines, formula translation, relative addressing, the linking loader, code optimization, and even symbolic manipulation of the kind embodied in Mathematica and Maple.

Relation to Modern Living


May even change this section to just quotes that I can dissect and place accordingly in places in the exhibition, as most of the information regarding their relevance to the individual fields of science are relative to how said information is presented.




Quotes


"It is easier to ask for forgiveness than permission"


"A ship in a harbour is safe, but that is not what a ship is built for"

UNIVAC I

http://cs-www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/Files/hopper-story.html


http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/apr/09/cobol-internet-programming


http://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/UNIVAC-1-FullView-A.htm


http://gracehopper.org/2011/


http://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/hopper.html


http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Grace_Hopper.aspx

Jon Contino

Another idea of mine was to look at how I could make companies based on in game elements like:  Marios Garage (MarioKart) or Dantes Pizza Shop (Devil May Cry) or something similar. I wanted to keep the hand rendered type a main focus as I believe that it has more appeal to my target audience than clean cut often quite clinical vector based illustration.


Jon Contino is my next stop as I think his work is expressive yet reserved, often working in commission rather than freelance work, it gives my idea more weight and demonstrates the similar restraints when working with type. Since type is often my area of taboo, I think it would be best addressed on this brief, which allows me a little more creative freedom than the others.

Chris Piascik

I figured that from the feedback at the last crit, I should aim to create a range of tees that have a breadth of visual styles as to try reach the various types of gamers out there. Not only that but it generates alot of illustration that is directive and will produce some good work that will be portfolio worthy. 
So I have been looking at hand-typography and how it could be applied to the nerd factor by means of highlighting certain aspects of games such as irritating moments, levels, characters or just down right wrong  elements of a game, from Navi to the Guildmaster.

For inspiration I looked at Chris Piascik mainly to grasp and idea of composition when looking at how the type resolutions would work. His use of colour is often vivid and impacting. This approach is similar to the one I am using for this brief. I am not sure if I will be sticking to the logo colours, although it may well be a consideration.

Gabriel Silveira

The following examples are a good demonstration of how I could consider the composition of my heroes and how they sit into context. Ignore the fact that Gabriel's brief is for the history of sex, but if I merely apply this to science means I think I could get some seriously effective results and produce a range of different results.

These images look like they have been taken straight out of an editorial in a newspaper, which is definitely something to consider, since they already sit in a context not to distant from the one I wish to put my own in. Shame I only found these now, as I would of greatly enjoyed making more illustrations based on this idea. 

Mario Propaganda

Not entirely sure this is the route I will be taking, but I think its a good starting point for imagery and composition for my brief. 
The use of pastel like colour along with the heavily vector based imagery contributes to the effectiveness of the posters as they are high impact, using only a phrase to convey the message. A similar approach would benefit my own brief, taking one phrase and one image to effectively communicate the underlying issue through a very conventional means.
The humour is bang on what I was getting at in terms of how the tone of voice needs to be.
I think as a series/set they work fantastically and have the ability to be transferred into a multitude of media and products.
Fro is behind these posters and has done many many other designs for contemporary media, including Breaking Bad, 2001: Odyssey and Bioshock to name a few.

Beyx

Just found some cool characters that have a similar style to what I want to develop for the Games Aid brief. Beyx uses simplified characters that highlight the main factors of the personality and identity of said fictional individuals. In a style similar to my own, the use of vivid colour will help to enhance and bring my own illustrations to life.

Admittedly they are a bit cutesy, but it is the technique of how they are produced I like. A good focus from this would be to maybe use photoshop more, as I can enhance my own work through mixing it up with textures and layers that cant really be done in illustrator with such ease.